Glass compositions and fibers made therefrom

ABSTRACT

Some embodiments of the present invention provide fiberizable glass compositions formed from batch compositions comprising amounts of one or more glassy minerals, including perlite and/or pumice. Some embodiments of the present invention related to glass fibers formed from such batch compositions, and composites and other materials incorporating such glass fibers.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.13/756,603, filed Feb. 1, 2013, which claims priority to U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/594,426, filed on Feb. 3,2012, and which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 13/365,590, filed Feb. 3, 2012, which is a continuation-in-partapplication of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/534,490, filed Aug.3, 2009, each of which are hereby incorporated by reference as thoughfully set forth herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to glass compositions and, in particular,to glass compositions for forming fibers.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Large scale commercial production of continuous glass fibers (E-glassand C-glass types) comprises melting batch materials consistingprimarily of minerals that are crystalline or substantially crystallinein nature. Conversion of these crystalline raw materials to a glassystate requires significant energy to be applied during the meltingprocess. In view of the significant energy investment accompanyingcrystalline materials, glassy or amorphous minerals have sometimes beenused in the production of glass compositions. A glassy or amorphousstructure can reduce the amount of energy consumed in the meltingprocess. Glassy minerals such as basalt and obsidian, for example, havebeen used as significant portions of feedstock for the production ofmineral wool.

An associated disadvantage with some glassy minerals, however, is thehigh iron content of such minerals. Basalt and obsidian both compriserelatively large amounts of iron, thereby making their resulting meltshighly energy absorbing. As a result, use of conventional gas firedfurnaces is typically impractical for melt processing of these minerals.Electrical melting can be used to process glassy minerals of high ironcontent, but this is often a constraint in high volume glass fiberproduction as compared with conventional gas fired furnace technology.Raw materials used in the production of E-glass and C-glass fibers aregenerally low in iron, thereby permitting the use of large scale gasfired furnaces.

Perlite (and its expanded form pumice) is a mineral that naturallyoccurs in the glassy form. Perlite has not been extensively used as araw material in glass production, partially because of its compositionalparameters. The major constituents of perlite are SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and alkalioxide (R₂O). SiO₂ is typically present in perlite in an amount betweenabout 70 and about 75 weight percent. Al₂O₃ is typically present inperlite in an amount between about 12 and about 15 weight percent.Alkali oxides are typically present in perlite in an amount betweenabout 3 and about 9 weight percent. These parameters conflict with thecompositional requirements of several widely used glass compositions,including, for example, those of E-glass and C-glass.

E-glass compositions, for example, are well-suited for forming glassfibers. As a result, the majority of glass fibers used in reinforcementapplications, such as polymeric reinforcement applications, are formedfrom E-glass compositions. E-glass compositions generally limit theamount alkali oxides to no more than 2 percent. The high alkali oxidecontent of perlite is inconsistent with this limitation and rendersperlite largely unsuitable for use in batch compositions for theproduction of E-glass compositions.

Moreover, C-glass compositions have also been used to form fibersresistant to corrosion in acidic environments. In order to resist acidiccorrosion, C-glass compositions comprise a high SiO₂ content and a lowAl₂O₃ content (<8 wt. %). The high Al₂O₃ content of perlite generallyprecludes use of perlite in batch compositions for the production ofC-glass compositions.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, the present invention provides glass compositions formedfrom batch compositions comprising significant amounts of one or moreglassy minerals, including perlite and/or pumice. In another aspect, thepresent invention provides glass fibers formed from glass compositionsdescribed herein.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a glass compositionformed from a batch composition comprising at least 50 weight percent ofa glassy mineral and at least 5 weight percent of a sodium source,wherein the glassy mineral comprises a combination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ inan amount of at least 80 weight percent. In some embodiments, the batchcomposition comprises at least 65 weight percent of a glassy mineral,the glassy mineral comprising a combination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in anamount of at least 80 weight percent. In some embodiments, the glassymineral comprising a combination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ is perlite, pumice ormixtures thereof.

In other embodiments, the present invention provides a glass compositionformed from a batch composition comprising at least 10 weight percent ofa glassy mineral, and at least 5 weight percent of a sodium source,wherein the glassy mineral comprises a combination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ inan amount of at least 80 weight percent. In some embodiments, the batchcomposition comprises at least 25 weight percent of a glassy mineral,the glassy mineral comprising a combination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in anamount of at least 80 weight percent. In some further embodiments, thebatch composition comprises at least 40 weight percent of a glassymineral, the glassy mineral comprising a combination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃in an amount of at least 80 weight percent. In some embodiments, theglassy mineral comprising a combination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ is perlite,pumice or mixtures thereof.

Moreover, in some embodiments, the batch comprises at least 10 weightpercent of a sodium source. A sodium source, in some embodiments,comprises sodium carbonate (soda).

In some embodiments, such as, for example, those where lower amounts ofa glassy mineral are used, the batch can comprise an additional sourceor sources of silicon and/or aluminum. In some such embodiments, thebatch can comprise at least 10 weight percent of a source of bothsilicon and aluminum. In some such embodiments, the source of bothsilicon and aluminum is an aluminum-containing silicate mineral, suchkaolinite, dickite, halloysite, nacrite, montmorillonite, or alkalimetal aluminosilicates. In some embodiments, the batch comprises atleast 10 weight percent of a source of silicon. In some embodiments, thebatch comprises at least 10 weight percent of a source of aluminum.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a glasscomposition comprising 53-64 weight percent SiO₂, 8-12 weight percentAl₂O₃, 8.5-18 weight percent alkali oxide (R₂O) component and a metaloxide (RO) component, wherein the metal oxide component is present in anamount to provide a mass ratio of R₂O/RO ranging from about 0.15 toabout 1.5. In some such embodiments, the glass composition includes10-12 weight percent Al₂O₃.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a glasscomposition comprising 53-64 weight percent SiO₂, 8-12 weight percentAl₂O₃, 8.5-18 weight percent alkali oxide (R₂O) component and a metaloxide (RO) component, wherein the metal oxide component is present in anamount to provide a mass ratio of R₂O/RO ranging from about 0.15 toabout 1.7. In some such embodiments, the glass composition includes10-12 weight percent Al₂O₃.

In some embodiments, a R₂O component comprises Na₂O, K₂O or Li₂O ormixtures thereof. In some embodiments, a glass composition of thepresent invention comprises Na₂O in an amount ranging from 6.5 weightpercent to about 16 weight percent. A glass composition, in someembodiments, comprises K₂O in an amount ranging from 0.5 weight percentto 5 weight percent, from 0.5 weight percent to 4 weigh percent in someembodiments, and from 2 weight percent to 4 weight percent in furtherembodiments. In some embodiments, a glass composition comprises Li₂O inan amount up to 2 weight percent.

In some embodiments, a RO component comprises MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO, or ZnOor mixtures thereof. A RO component, in some embodiments, is present ina glass composition of the present invention in an amount ranging from 7weight percent to 31 weight percent. In one embodiment, a glasscomposition comprises MgO in an amount up to about 5 weight percent. Aglass composition, in some embodiments, comprises CaO in an amountranging from 7 weight percent to 26 weight percent. In some embodiments,a glass composition comprises ZnO in an amount up to 3 weight percent.

Glass compositions of the present invention, in some embodiments,comprise metal oxides in addition to RO including, but not limited to,ZrO₂, TiO₂, MnO₂ or La₂O₃ or mixtures thereof.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a glasscomposition comprising 56-63 weight percent SiO₂, 9-12 weight percentAl₂O₃, 12-17 weight percent RO (CaO+MgO), 12-14 weight percent R₂O(Na₂O+K₂O), 0-2 weight percent Li₂O, 0-3 weight percent ZnO, 0-3 weightpercent ZrO₂, 0-3 weight percent MnO₂ and 0-3 weight percent La₂O₃.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a glasscomposition comprising 60-64 weight percent SiO₂, 9-12 weight percentAl₂O₃, 7-15 weight percent RO (CaO+MgO), 13-15.5 weight percent R₂O(Na₂O+K₂O), 0-2 weight percent Li₂O, 0-3 weight percent ZnO, 0-3 weightpercent ZrO₂, 0-3 weight percent MnO₂ and 0-3 weight percent La₂O₃.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a glasscomposition comprising 55-63 weight percent SiO₂, 9-14 weight percentAl₂O₃, 11-16.5 weight percent RO (CaO+MgO), 14-17 weight percent R₂O(Na₂O+K₂O), 0-2 weight percent Li₂O, 0-3 weight percent ZnO, 0-3 weightpercent ZrO₂, 0-3 weight percent MnO₂ and 0-3 weight percent La₂O₃.

In some embodiments, glass compositions of the present invention have anFe₂O₃ content of less than 1 weight percent. Glass compositions, inother embodiments, can comprise less than 0.7 weight percent Fe₂O₃.

Glass compositions, according to some embodiments of the presentinvention are fiberizable. In some embodiments, glass compositions ofthe present invention have a forming temperature (T_(F)) ranging from1120° C. to about 1300° C. As used herein, the term “formingtemperature” means the temperature at which the glass composition has aviscosity of 1000 poise (or “log 3 temperature”). In some embodiments,glass compositions of the present invention are fiberizable at theforming temperature.

Moreover, in some embodiments, glass compositions of the presentinvention have a liquidus temperature (T_(L)) ranging from about 1020°C. to about 1240° C. In some embodiments, the difference between theforming temperature and the liquidus temperature of a glass compositionof the present invention ranges from about 45° C. to about 165° C. Insome embodiments, the difference between the forming temperature and theliquidus temperature of a glass composition of the present invention isat least 65° C.

In some embodiments, glass compositions of the present invention have amolten density at the forming temperature ranging from 2.35 g/cm³ to2.40 g/cm³. In some embodiments, glass composition of the presentinvention have molten density ranging from 2.36 g/cm³ to 2.38 g/cm³.

Glass compositions of the present invention, in some embodiments, have amolten surface tension at the forming temperature ranging from about390×10⁻³ N/m to 400×10⁻³ N/m.

As provided herein, glass fibers can be formed from some embodiments ofthe glass compositions of the present invention. In some embodiments,fibers formed from glass compositions of the present invention have amodulus (E) ranging from about 53 GPa to about 65 GPa. Moreover, in someembodiments, fibers formed from glass compositions of the presentinvention have a specific strength ranging from 1.30-1.35×10⁵ m.

Fibers formed from glass compositions of the present invention, in someembodiments, also demonstrate acidic and alkaline corrosion resistance.In one embodiment, for example, a fiber formed from a glass compositionof the present invention has a weight loss (wt. %) ranging from about0.55 to about 0.60 when exposed to 1N H₂SO₄ (pH 0) at 100° C. for onehour. In another embodiment, a fiber formed from a glass composition ofthe present invention has a weight loss (wt. %) ranging from about 0.25to 0.30 when exposed to 0.1N NaOH (pH 12) at 100° C. for one hour.

In some embodiments, glass fibers of the present invention can becontinuous. A plurality of glass fibers can be gathered as a strand insome embodiments. In some embodiments, a plurality of glass fibers or aplurality of fiber glass strands can be combined into a roving. Someembodiments of the present invention relate to yarn formed from aplurality of glass fibers. While fibers or a plurality of fibers may bereferred to as continuous, persons of ordinary skill in the art willappreciate that glass fibers (and likewise, fiber glass strands orrovings) that are referred to as continuous do not have an infinitelength as, for example, breaks in production occur, glass fibers arewound into packages, etc.

Some embodiments of the present invention related to chopped glassfibers formed from glass compositions of the present invention. As setforth below, glass fibers of the present invention can be chopped to avariety of lengths depending on a number of factors including, forexample, the desired use of the glass fibers. In some embodiments, glassfibers of the present invention can have a length of less than about 105millimeters. Glass fibers, in some embodiments, can have a length ofless than about 13 millimeters. Glass fibers, in some embodiments, canbe chopped and have a length greater than about 3 millimeters. In someembodiments, glass fibers can be chopped and have a length greater thanabout 50 millimeters. In some embodiments, the plurality of choppedglass fibers can be wet chopped glass fibers such that a sizingcomposition (or other coating composition) has not dried entirely on thesurfaces of the glass fibers.

Some embodiments of the present invention relate to fabrics comprising aplurality of glass fibers formed from glass compositions of the presentinvention. Such fabrics can be woven fabrics in some embodiments, andnon-woven fabrics in other embodiments.

Glass fibers formed from glass compositions of the present invention canbe used in various reinforcement applications. In some embodiments,glass fibers of the present invention are used in the reinforcement ofpolymers including thermoplastics and thermosets. In some embodiments,glass fibers formed from glass compositions of the present invention areused in the reinforcement of building materials including, but notlimited to, cement and roofing systems and such as shingles. Other usesare disclosed herein.

Some embodiments of the present invention relate to a polymericcomposite comprising a polymeric material and a plurality of glassfibers in the polymeric material, the plurality of glass fibers beingformed from a glass composition of the present invention. The polymericmaterial can be a thermoplastic polymer in some embodiments, and athermosetting polymer in other embodiments. The at least one glass fibercan be chopped as set forth above and have a variety of lengthsdepending, for example, on the particular polymeric composite. Forexample, the plurality of glass fibers can have a length of less thanabout 105 millimeters in some embodiments, and less than about 13millimeters in other embodiments. The plurality of glass fibers can havea length of greater than about 50 microns in some embodiments, greaterthan about 3 millimeters in other embodiments, and greater than about 50millimeters in other embodiments. In some embodiments, the plurality ofglass fibers can be in the form of a woven fabric and/or a non-wovenfabric.

In another aspect, the present invention provides methods of makingglass compositions from batch compositions comprising significantamounts of one or more glassy minerals, including perlite and/or pumice.

In one embodiment, a method of making a glass composition of the presentinvention comprises providing a batch composition comprising at least 10weight percent of a glassy mineral and at least 5 weight percent of asodium source, the glassy mineral comprising a combination of SiO₂ andAl₂O₃ in an amount of at least 80 weight percent and heating the batchcomposition to a temperature sufficient to form the glass composition.In some embodiments, the batch comprises at least 10 weight percent ofan additional source of both silicon and aluminum. In some embodiments,the batch comprises at least 10 weight percent of an additional sourceof silicon. In some embodiments, the batch comprises at least 10 weightpercent of an additional source of aluminum. In some embodiments, theamount of glassy mineral in the batch composition is at least 50 weightpercent. In some embodiments, the batch composition is heated to atemperature of about 1400° C. to about 1450° C.

These and other embodiments are presented in greater detail in thedetailed description which follows.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 provides the results of a high temperature differential thermalanalysis (DTA) comparing conversion from solid to liquid of fineparticulate perlite and a coarse particulate perlite according to oneembodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 2 illustrates an apparatus used in the determination of meltviscosities of glass compositions according to embodiments of thepresent invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates the position of the thermocouple and the number ofturns of the heating coil of a furnace used in the determination ofliquidus temperatures (T_(L)) of glass compositions according toembodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 4 provides temperature-viscosity curves for a glass compositionaccording to one embodiment of the present invention, two commerciallyavailable E-glass compositions and a C-glass composition.

FIG. 5 provides molten glass surface tensions as a function oftemperature for a glass composition according to one embodiment of thepresent invention and two commercially available E-glass compositions.

FIG. 6 is a plot of the melt or molten glass density as a function oftemperature for a glass composition according to one embodiment of thepresent invention and two commercially available E-glass compositions.

FIG. 7 is a plot of electrical conductivity as a function of temperaturefor a glass composition according to one embodiment of the presentinvention as well as E-glass and C-glass compositions.

FIG. 8 provides energy requirements for conversion of several batchcompositions to glass melt compositions according to one embodiment ofthe present invention.

FIG. 9 is a plot of the absorption spectra for a glass compositionaccording to one embodiment of the present invention as well as E-glassand C-glass compositions. The upper corner of FIG. 9 illustrates thetemperature-viscosity relationship for the various glasses.

FIG. 10 is a plot illustrating the weight loss over time for a glasscomposition according to one embodiment of the present invention, aswell as for various E-glass compositions, when placed in 1 N H₂SO₄.

FIG. 11 is a plot illustrating the weight loss over time for a glasscomposition according to one embodiment of the present invention, aswell as for a boron-free E-glass composition, when placed in sulfuricand citric acid solutions.

FIG. 12 summarizes Weibull statistical analysis of fiber strengths ofvarious glass compositions according to some embodiments of the presentinvention.

FIG. 13 is a plot illustrating the hydrolytic resistance for a glasscomposition according to one embodiment of the present invention, aswell as E-glass and C-glass compositions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth inthe following specification are approximations that can vary dependingupon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the presentinvention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit theapplication of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims,each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of thenumber of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary roundingtechniques.

Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forththe broad scope of the invention are approximations, the numericalvalues set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely aspossible. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains certainerrors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in theirrespective testing measurements. Moreover, all ranges disclosed hereinare to be understood to encompass any and all subranges subsumedtherein. For example, a stated range of “1 to 10” should be consideredto include any and all subranges between (and inclusive of) the minimumvalue of 1 and the maximum value of 10; that is, all subranges beginningwith a minimum value of 1 or more, e.g. 1 to 6.1, and ending with amaximum value of 10 or less, e.g., 5.5 to 10. Additionally, anyreference referred to as being “incorporated herein” is to be understoodas being incorporated in its entirety.

It is further noted that, as used in this specification, the singularforms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless expressly andunequivocally limited to one referent.

Certain embodiments of the present invention can employ the variousthermodynamic and processing advantages offered by glassy minerals toprovide glass compositions having desirable properties. In one aspect,the present invention provides glass compositions formed from batchcompositions comprising significant amounts of one or more glassyminerals, including perlite and/or pumice. The glass compositions, insome embodiments, can be fiberizable glass compositions. In someembodiments, glass fibers formed from glass compositions of the presentinvention can demonstrate advantageous properties including, but notlimited to, mechanical and corrosion resistant properties equaling orexceeding glass fibers formed from previous compositions, such asE-glass and C-glass compositions.

Various embodiments of the present invention provide glass compositions,including, without limitation, fiberizable glass compositions. In someembodiments, the present invention provides a glass composition formedfrom a batch composition comprising at least 10 weight percent of aglassy mineral, and at least 5 weight percent of a sodium source,wherein the glassy mineral comprises a combination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ inan amount of at least 80 weight percent. In some embodiments, the batchcomposition comprises at least 25 weight percent of a glassy mineral,the glassy mineral comprising a combination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in anamount of at least 80 weight percent. In some further embodiments, thebatch composition comprises at least 40 weight percent of a glassymineral, the glassy mineral comprising a combination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃in an amount of at least 80 weight percent.

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a glass compositionformed from a batch composition comprising at least 50 weight percent ofa glassy mineral and at least 5 weight percent of a sodium source,wherein the glassy mineral comprises a combination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ inan amount of at least 80 weight percent. In some embodiments, the batchcomposition comprises at least 65 weight percent of a glassy mineral,the glassy mineral comprising a combination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in anamount of at least 80 weight percent. In another embodiment, the batchcomposition comprises at least 68 weight percent of a glassy mineral,the glassy mineral comprising a combination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in anamount of at least 80 weight percent.

In some embodiments, the glassy mineral comprising a combination of SiO₂and Al₂O₃ is perlite, pumice or mixtures thereof.

Moreover, in some embodiments, the batch composition comprises at least10 weight percent of a sodium source. In another embodiment, the batchcomposition comprises at least 12 weight percent of a sodium source. Asuitable sodium source for use in batch compositions of the presentinvention, in some embodiments, comprises sodium carbonate (soda).

In some embodiments, such as, for example, those where lower amounts ofa glassy mineral are used, the batch can comprise an additional sourceor sources of silicon and/or aluminum. In some such embodiments, thebatch can comprise at least 10 weight percent of an additional source ofboth silicon and aluminum. In some such embodiments, the additionalsource of both silicon and aluminum is an aluminum-containing silicatemineral, such kaolinite, dickite, halloysite, nacrite, montmorillonite,or alkali metal aluminosilicates. In some embodiments, the batchcomprises at least 10 weight percent of a source of silicon. In somesuch embodiments, the source of silicon can be a silicon-containingmineral, such as silica. In some embodiments, the batch comprises atleast 10 weight percent of a source of aluminum. In some suchembodiments, the source of aluminum can be an aluminum-containingmineral, such as corundum.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a glasscomposition comprising 53-64 weight percent SiO₂, 8-12 weight percentAl₂O₃, 8.5-18 weight percent alkali oxide (R₂O) component and a metaloxide (RO) component, wherein the metal oxide component is present in anamount to provide a mass ratio of R₂O/RO ranging from about 0.15 toabout 1.5.

In some embodiments, a R₂O component is not limited to a single compoundbut can comprise several compounds. In some embodiments, a R₂O componentcomprises Na₂O, K₂O or Li₂O or mixtures thereof. Moreover, in someembodiments and without limitation, a R₂O component can mean Na₂O only,K₂O only, Li₂O only, a combination of Na₂O and K₂O, a combination of K₂Oand Li₂O, a combination of Na₂O and Li₂O, or a combination of Na₂O, K₂Oand Li₂O.

In some embodiments, a glass composition of the present inventioncomprises Na₂O in an amount ranging from 6.5 weight percent to about 16weight percent. A glass composition, in some embodiments, comprises Na₂Oin an amount ranging from 9 weight percent to 14 weight percent. Inanother embodiment, a glass composition comprises Na₂O in an amountranging from 9 weight percent to 13 weight percent. In some embodiments,a glass composition comprises Na₂O in an amount ranging from 10 weightpercent to 12.5 weight percent.

In some embodiments, a glass composition of the present inventioncomprises K2O in an amount ranging from 0.5 weight percent to 5 weightpercent. A glass composition of the present invention, in someembodiments, comprises K₂O in an amount ranging from 0.5 weight percentto 4 weight percent. A glass composition of the present invention, insome embodiments, comprises K₂O in an amount ranging from 2 weightpercent to 4 weight percent. In some embodiments, a glass compositioncomprises K₂O in an amount ranging from 2.5 weight percent to 3.5 weightpercent.

In some embodiments, a glass composition of the present inventioncomprises Li₂O in an amount up to 2 weight percent. A glass composition,in another embodiment, comprises Li₂O in an amount ranging from 0.5weight percent to 1.5 weight percent.

In some embodiments, a RO component comprises MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO or ZnOor mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, a RO component can compriseMgO only, CaO only, SrO only, BaO only or ZnO only. In some embodiments,a RO component can comprise any combination of two or more metal oxidesof MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO and ZnO. A RO component, in some embodiments, ispresent in a glass composition of the present invention in an amountranging from 7 weight percent to 31 weight percent.

In one embodiment, a glass composition of the present inventioncomprises MgO in an amount up to 5 weight percent. A glass composition,in another embodiment, comprises MgO in an amount ranging from 1 weightpercent to 4 weight percent. In some embodiments, a glass compositioncomprises MgO in an amount ranging from 2 weight percent to 3 weightpercent. In some embodiments, a glass composition comprises MgO in anamount <1 weight percent. A glass composition, in some embodiments,comprises MgO in an amount <0.5 weight percent

In some embodiments, a glass composition of the present inventioncomprises CaO in an amount ranging from 7 weight percent to 26 weightpercent. A glass composition, in another embodiment, comprises CaO in anamount ranging from 8 weight percent to 20 weight percent. In someembodiments, a glass composition comprises CaO in an amount ranging from8 weight percent to 14 weight percent. A glass composition, in anotherembodiment, comprises CaO in an amount ranging from 10 weight percent to14 weight percent. In some compositions, a glass composition comprisesCaO in an amount ranging from 9 weight percent to 11 weight percent.

In some embodiments, a glass composition comprises ZnO in an amount upto 3 weight percent.

Glass compositions of the present invention, in some embodiments,comprise metal oxides in addition to RO including, but not limited toZrO₂, TiO₂, MnO₂ or La₂O₃ or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, aglass composition can comprise ZrO₂ in an amount up to 3 weight percent,TiO₂ in an amount up to 3 weight percent, MnO₂ in an amount up to 3weight percent and/or La₂O₃ in an amount up to 3 weight percent. In someembodiments, a glass composition can comprise TiO₂ in an amount up to 1weight percent.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a glasscomposition comprising 53-64 weight percent SiO₂, 8-12 weight percentAl₂O₃, 8.5-18 weight percent alkali oxide (R₂O) component and a metaloxide (RO) component, wherein the metal oxide component is present in anamount to provide a mass ratio of R₂O/RO ranging from about 0.15 toabout 1.7.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a glasscomposition comprising 56-63 weight percent SiO₂, 9-12 weight percentAl₂O₃, 12-17 weight percent RO (CaO+MgO), 12-14 weight percent R₂O(Na₂O+K₂O), 0-2 weight percent Li₂O, 0-3 weight percent ZnO, 0-3 weightpercent ZrO₂, 0-3 weight percent MnO₂ and 0-3 weight percent La₂O₃.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a glasscomposition comprising 60-64 weight percent SiO₂, 9-12 weight percentAl₂O₃, 7-15 weight percent RO (CaO+MgO), 13-15.5 weight percent R₂O(Na₂O+K₂O), 0-2 weight percent Li₂O, 0-3 weight percent ZnO, 0-3 weightpercent ZrO₂, 0-3 weight percent MnO₂ and 0-3 weight percent La₂O₃.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a glasscomposition comprising 55-63 weight percent SiO₂, 9-14 weight percentAl₂O₃, 11-16.5 weight percent RO (CaO+MgO), 14-17 weight percent R₂O(Na₂O+K₂O), 0-2 weight percent Li₂O, 0-3 weight percent ZnO, 0-3 weightpercent ZrO₂, 0-3 weight percent MnO₂ and 0-3 weight percent La₂O₃.

In some embodiments, glass compositions of the present invention have anFe₂O₃ content of less than 1 weight percent. Glass compositions, inother embodiments, can comprise less than 0.7 weight percent Fe₂O₃.

Glass compositions of the present invention, in some embodiments, have aforming temperature (T_(F)) ranging from about 1120° C. to about 1300°C. In another embodiment, glass compositions of the present inventionhave a forming temperature ranging from about 1150° C. to about 1250° C.In some embodiments, glass compositions have a forming temperatureranging from about 1200° C. to about 1240° C.

Glass compositions of the present invention, in some embodiments, have aliquidus temperature ranging from about 1020° C. to about 1240° C. Inanother embodiment, glass compositions of the present invention have aliquidus temperature ranging from about 1070° C. to about 1200° C. Insome embodiments, glass compositions of the present invention have aliquidus temperature ranging from about 1110° C. to about 1150° C.

In some embodiments, the difference between the forming temperature andthe liquidus temperature of a glass composition of the present inventionranges from about 45° C. to about 165° C. In some embodiments, thedifference between the forming temperature and the liquidus temperatureof a glass composition of the present invention is at least 65° C.

In some embodiments, glass compositions of the present invention have amolten density at the forming temperature ranging from 2.35 g/cm³ to2.40 g/cm³. In some embodiments, glass compositions of the presentinvention have molten density ranging from 2.36 g/cm³ to 2.38 g/cm³. Asdiscussed further herein, in some embodiments, molten densities of someglass compositions of the present invention are 5% to 7% lower than themolten densities of some E-glass compositions. As a result, glass fibersformed from some glass compositions of the present invention are lighterper unit volume in comparison to some E-glass fibers. Lighter glassfibers can be advantageous in many applications, particularly materialreinforcement applications, such as polymeric reinforcementapplications, where weight savings are often highly desirable. Moreover,as a result of lower densities, glass fibers formed from some glasscompositions of the present invention can have larger diameters incomparison to some E-glass fibers of the same weight, thereby providingenhanced mechanical properties.

Additionally, glass compositions of the present invention, in someembodiments, have a molten surface tension at the forming temperatureranging from about 390×10⁻³ N/m to 400×10⁻³ N/m.

As provided herein, glass compositions of the present invention can beproduced from batch compositions comprising a significant amount of oneor more glassy minerals, including perlite and/or pumice. In beingproduced from batch compositions comprising a significant amount ofglassy minerals, glass compositions of the present invention can realizesizable energy savings in some embodiments. As discussed further herein,in some embodiments, production of a melt of a glass composition of thepresent invention requires up to 33% less energy in comparison to thatrequired to produce a melt of some E-glass compositions.

Glass compositions of the present invention can be produced by severalmethods. In one embodiment, a method of producing a glass compositioncomprises providing a batch composition comprising at least 50 weightpercent of a glassy mineral and at least 5 weight percent of a sodiumsource, the glassy mineral comprising a combination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ inan amount of at least 80 weight percent and heating the batchcomposition to a temperature sufficient to form a melt of the glasscomposition. In other embodiments, a method of producing a glasscomposition comprises providing a batch composition comprising at least10 weight percent of a glassy mineral and at least 5 weight percent of asodium source, the glassy mineral comprising a combination of SiO₂ andAl₂O₃ in an amount of at least 80 weight percent and heating the batchcomposition to a temperature sufficient to form a melt of the glasscomposition. In some embodiments, the batch composition is heated to atemperature of about 1400° C. to about 1450° C. In some embodiments,such as, for example, those where lower amounts of a glassy mineral areused, the batch can comprise at least 10 weight percent of an additionalsource of both silicon and aluminum. In some such embodiments, thesource of both silicon and aluminum is an aluminum-containing silicatemineral, such kaolinite, dickite, halloysite, nacrite, montmorillonite,or alkali metal aluminosilicates. In some embodiments, the batch cancomprise at least 10 weight percent of an additional source of silicon.In some embodiments, the batch can comprise at least 10 weight percentof an additional source of aluminum

In some embodiments, the batch composition comprises at least 65 weightpercent of a glassy mineral, the glassy mineral comprising a combinationof SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in an amount of at least 80 weight percent. In anotherembodiment, the batch composition comprises at least 68 weight percentof a glassy mineral, the glassy mineral comprising a combination of SiO₂and Al₂O₃ in an amount of at least 80 weight percent. In someembodiments, the batch composition comprises at least 25 weight percentof a glassy mineral, the glassy mineral comprising a combination of SiO2and Al₂O₃ in an amount of at least 80 weight percent. In anotherembodiment, the batch composition comprises at least 40 weight percentof a glassy mineral, the glassy mineral comprising a combination of SiO2and Al₂O₃ in an amount of at least 80 weight percent.

In some embodiments, a glassy mineral comprising a combination of SiO₂and Al₂O₃ in an amount of at least 80 weight percent is perlite, pumiceor mixtures thereof. Perlite and/or pumice used in the production ofglass compositions of the present invention, in some embodiments, isprovided in particulate or powder form. In some embodiments, additionalenergy savings can be realized by using perlite and/or pumicecompositions having fine particle sizes as opposed to coarser particlesizes. FIG. 1 illustrates the results of a high temperature differentialthermal analysis (DTA) comparing the conversion from solid to liquid ofa fine particulate perlite (about 200 mesh) and a coarse particulateperlite (about 45 mesh). As illustrated in FIG. 1, the fine particulateperlite requires less energy during conversion from solid to liquid incomparison to the coarse particulate perlite, although both the fine andthe coarse particulate perlite are glassy or amorphous at roomtemperature. Moreover, the fine particulate perlite begins liquidformation at a lower temperature than the coarse particulate perlite.

Moreover, in some embodiments, batch compositions of the presentinvention comprise at least 10 weight percent of a sodium source. Insome embodiments, batch compositions comprise at least 12 weight percentof a sodium source. A suitable sodium source for use in batchcompositions of the present invention, in some embodiments, comprisessodium carbonate (soda).

In some embodiments, batch compositions used to produce glasscompositions of the present invention further comprise other mineralsincluding, but not limited to, limestone, dolomite or mixtures thereof.In one embodiment, for example, a batch composition further comprises upto 17 weight percent limestone. In another embodiment, a batchcomposition further comprises up to 13 weight percent dolomite.

As provided herein, glass fibers can be formed from any of the glasscompositions of the present invention. Glass fibers according to thevarious embodiments of the present invention can be formed using anyprocess known in the art for forming glass fibers, and more desirably,any process known in the art for forming essentially continuous glassfibers. For example, although not limiting herein, the glass fibersaccording to non-limiting embodiments of the present invention can beformed using direct-melt or indirect-melt fiber forming methods. Thesemethods are well known in the art and further discussion thereof is notbelieved to be necessary in view of the present disclosure. See, e.g.,K. L. Loewenstein, The Manufacturing Technology of Continuous GlassFibers, 3^(rd) Ed., Elsevier, N.Y., 1993 at pages 47-48 and 117-234.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a glass fibercomprising a glass composition formed from a batch compositioncomprising at least 50 weight percent of a glassy mineral and at least 5weight percent of a sodium source, wherein the glassy mineral comprisesa combination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in an amount of at least 80 weightpercent. In some embodiments, the batch composition comprises at least65 weight percent of a glassy mineral, the glassy mineral comprising acombination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in an amount of at least 80 weightpercent. In another embodiment, the batch composition comprises at least68 weight percent of a glassy mineral, the glassy mineral comprising acombination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in an amount of at least 80 weightpercent.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a glass fibercomprising a glass composition formed from a batch compositioncomprising at least 10 weight percent of a glassy mineral and at least 5weight percent of a sodium source, wherein the glassy mineral comprisesa combination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in an amount of at least 80 weightpercent. In some embodiments, the batch composition comprises at least25 weight percent of a glassy mineral, the glassy mineral comprising acombination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in an amount of at least 80 weightpercent. In another embodiment, the batch composition comprises at least48 weight percent of a glassy mineral, the glassy mineral comprising acombination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in an amount of at least 80 weightpercent. In some further embodiments, such as, for example, those wherelower amounts of a glassy mineral are used, the batch compositioncomprises at least 10 weight percent of an additional source of bothsilicon and aluminum. In some embodiments, the batch comprises at least10 weight percent of an additional source of silicon. In someembodiments, the batch comprises at least 10 weight percent of anadditional source of aluminum.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a glass fibercomprising 53-64 weight percent SiO₂, 8-12 weight percent Al₂O₃, 8.5-18weight percent alkali oxide (R₂O) component and a metal oxide (RO)component, wherein the metal oxide component is present in an amount toprovide a mass ratio of R₂O/RO ranging from about 0.15 to about 1.5. Insome such embodiments, the glass composition includes 10-12 weightpercent Al₂O₃.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a glass fibercomprising 53-64 weight percent SiO₂, 8-12 weight percent Al₂O₃, 8.5-18weight percent alkali oxide (R₂O) component and a metal oxide (RO)component, wherein the metal oxide component is present in an amount toprovide a mass ratio of R₂O/RO ranging from about 0.15 to about 1.7. Insome such embodiments, the glass composition includes 10-12 weightpercent Al₂O₃.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a glass fibercomprising 56-63 weight percent SiO₂, 9-12 weight percent Al₂O₃, 12-17weight percent RO (CaO+MgO), 12-14 weight percent R₂O (Na₂O+K₂O), 0-2weight percent Li₂O, 0-3 weight percent ZnO, 0-3 weight percent ZrO₂,0-3 weight percent MnO₂ and 0-3 weight percent La₂O₃.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a glass fibercomprising 60-64 weight percent SiO₂, 9-12 weight percent Al₂O₃, 7-15weight percent RO (CaO+MgO), 13-15.5 weight percent R₂O (Na₂O+K₂O)), 0-2weight percent Li₂O, 0-3 weight percent ZnO, 0-3 weight percent ZrO₂,0-3 weight percent MnO₂ and 0-3 weight percent La₂O₃.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a glass fibercomprising 55-63 weight percent SiO₂, 9-14 weight percent Al₂O₃, 11-16.5weight percent RO (CaO+MgO), 14-17 weight percent R₂O (Na₂O+K₂O), 0-2weight percent Li₂O, 0-3 weight percent ZnO, 0-3 weight percent ZrO₂,0-3 weight percent MnO₂ and 0-3 weight percent La₂O₃.

In some embodiments, fibers formed from glass compositions of thepresent invention have a modulus (E) ranging from about 53.0 GPa toabout 65.0 GPa. In another embodiment, fibers formed form glasscompositions of the present invention have a modulus (E) ranging fromabout 56 GPa to about 62 GPa. Moreover, in some embodiments, fibersformed from glass compositions of the present invention have a specificstrength ranging from 1.30-1.35×10⁵ m.

Fibers formed from glass compositions of the present invention, in someembodiments, also demonstrate acidic and alkaline corrosion resistance.In one embodiment, for example, a glass fiber formed from a glasscomposition of the present invention has a weight loss (wt. %) rangingfrom 0.55 to 0.60 when exposed to 1N H₂SO₄ (pH 0) at 96° C. for onehour. In another embodiment, a glass fiber formed from a glasscomposition of the present invention has a weight loss (wt. %) rangingfrom 0.60 to 1.70 when exposed to 1N H₂SO₄ (pH 0) at 96° C. for onehour.

In another embodiment, a fiber formed from a glass composition of thepresent invention has a weight loss (wt. %) ranging from about 0.25 toabout 0.30 when exposed to 0.1N NaOH (pH 12) at 96° C. for one hour. Afiber formed from a glass composition of the present invention, in someembodiments, has a weight loss (wt. %) ranging from 0.35 to 0.85 whenexposed to 0.1N NaOH (pH 12) at 96° C. for one hour.

Although not limiting herein, glass fibers according to some embodimentsof the present invention can be useful in structural reinforcementapplications. In some embodiments, glass fibers of the present inventionare used in the reinforcement of polymers including thermoplastics andthermosets. In some embodiments, glass fibers formed from glasscompositions of the present invention can be used in the reinforcementof building materials including, but not limited to, cement and roofingsystems such as shingles. Other uses and applications for variousembodiments of glass fibers formed from glass compositions of thepresent invention are discussed below.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides a polymeric compositecomprising a polymeric material and at least one glass fiber in thepolymeric material, the at least one glass fiber comprising a glasscomposition formed from a batch composition comprising at least 50weight percent of a glassy mineral and at least 5 weight percent of asodium source, wherein the glassy mineral comprises a combination ofSiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in an amount of at least 80 weight percent. In someembodiments, the batch composition comprises at least 65 weight percentof a glassy mineral, the glassy mineral comprising a combination of SiO₂and Al₂O₃ in an amount of at least 80 weight percent. In anotherembodiment, the batch composition comprises at least 68 weight percentof a glassy mineral, the glassy mineral comprising a combination of SiO₂and Al₂O₃ in an amount of at least 80 weight percent.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a polymericcomposite comprising a polymeric material and at least one glass fiberin the polymeric material, the at least one glass fiber comprising aglass composition a formed from a batch composition comprising at least10 weight percent of a glassy mineral and at least 5 weight percent of asodium source, wherein the glassy mineral comprises a combination ofSiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in an amount of at least 80 weight percent. In someembodiments, the batch composition comprises at least 25 weight percentof a glassy mineral, the glassy mineral comprising a combination of SiO₂and Al₂O₃ in an amount of at least 80 weight percent. In anotherembodiment, the batch composition comprises at least 40 weight percentof a glassy mineral, the glassy mineral comprising a combination of SiO₂and Al₂O₃ in an amount of at least 80 weight percent.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a polymericcomposite comprising a polymeric material and at least one glass fiberin the polymeric material, the at least one glass fiber comprising 53-64weight percent SiO₂, 8-12 weight percent Al₂O₃, 8.5-18 weight percentalkali oxide (R₂O) component and a metal oxide (RO) component, whereinthe metal oxide component is present in an amount to provide a massratio of R₂O/RO ranging from about 0.15 to about 1.5. In anotherembodiment, the present invention provides a polymeric compositecomprising a polymeric material and at least one glass fiber in thepolymeric material, the at least one glass fiber comprising 53-64 weightpercent SiO₂, 8-12 weight percent Al₂O₃, 8.5-18 weight percent alkalioxide (R₂O) component and a metal oxide (RO) component, wherein themetal oxide component is present in an amount to provide a mass ratio ofR₂O/RO ranging from about 0.15 to about 1.7. In some such embodiments,the glass composition includes 10-12 weight percent Al₂O₃.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a polymericcomposite comprising a polymeric material and at least one glass fiberin the polymeric material, the at least one glass fiber comprising 56-63weight percent SiO₂, 9-12 weight percent Al₂O₃, 12-17 weight percent RO(CaO+MgO), 12-14 weight percent R₂O (Na₂O+K₂O), 0-2 weight percent Li₂O,0-3 weight percent ZnO, 0-3 weight percent ZrO₂, 0-3 weight percent MnO₂and 0-3 weight percent La₂O₃.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a polymericcomposite comprising a polymeric material and at least one glass fiberin the polymeric material, the at least one glass fiber comprising 60-64weight percent SiO₂, 9-12 weight percent Al₂O₃, 7-15 weight percent RO(CaO+MgO), 13-15.5 weight percent R₂O (Na₂O+K₂O)), 0-2 weight percentLi₂O, 0-3 weight percent ZnO, 0-3 weight percent ZrO₂, 0-3 weightpercent MnO₂ and 0-3 weight percent La₂O₃.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides a polymericcomposite comprising a polymeric material and at least one glass fiberin the polymeric material, the at least one glass fiber comprising 55-63weight percent SiO₂, 9-14 weight percent Al₂O₃, 11-16.5 weight percentRO (CaO+MgO), 14-17 weight percent R₂O (Na₂O+K₂O), 0-2 weight percentLi₂O, 0-3 weight percent ZnO, 0-3 weight percent ZrO₂, 0-3 weightpercent MnO₂ and 0-3 weight percent La₂O₃.

Polymeric composites according to the various embodiments of the presentinvention can be made by any method known in the art for makingpolymeric composites. For example, in one embodiment, polymericcomposites according to the present invention can be made byimpregnating woven fabrics or non-woven fabrics or mats of glass fiberswith a polymeric material and then curing the polymeric material. Inanother embodiment, continuous glass fibers and/or chopped glass fiberscomprising glass compositions of the present invention can be disposedin the polymeric material. Depending on the identity of the polymericmaterial, the polymeric material can be cured subsequent to receivingthe continuous or chopped glass fibers.

Exemplary uses and applications for various embodiments of glass fibersformed from glass compositions of the present invention will now bediscussed. The potential uses and applications, as well as the fiberglass properties, identified below are not intended to be exclusive, andpersons of ordinary skill in the art can generally identify other usesand applications for such glass fibers, as well as variations in fiberdiameter and tex (grams/kilometer) of the fiber glass products to beused in such applications.

Wet Chop Products

In some embodiments, glass fibers formed from glass compositions of thepresent invention can be provided as wet chop products for use in, forexample, roofing and automotive applications. For example, glass fibersof the present invention can be provided as wet chop products havingdiameters and chop lengths suitable for various such applications.Non-limiting examples of various chopped fiber glass properties areprovided in Table 1 below:

TABLE 1 Product Tex Fiber Diameter Chop Length No. (g/km) (nominal) (μm)(nominal) (inch) (nominal) 1 1747 13 0.5 2 3352 19 0.75 3 2505 17 1.3754 2505 17 1.75 5 1747 13 0.75 6 1747 13 0.75 7 2505 17 1.375 8 2505 171.25

In general, such products can have broad application as reinforcements.Product Nos. 1 and 2 might be used, for example and without limitation,in high end light weight polypropylene reinforcement applications suchas automotive headliners and instrument panels. Product Nos. 3-5 mightbe used, for example and without limitation, in residential roofingshingle reinforcement and in some embodiments, can offer desirabletensile and tear strengths. Product No. 6 might be used, for example andwithout limitation, in high end commercial roofing shingle reinforcementand in some embodiments, can offer desirable tensile and tear strengths.Product Nos. 7 and 8 might be used, for example and without limitation,in high end residential roofing shingle reinforcement and in someembodiments, can offer desirable tensile and tear strengths.

Various sizing compositions known to those of skill in the art can beused on such fiber glass products depending on the type of product,compatibility with the resin system to be reinforced, the ultimate endproduct, downstream processing steps, and other factors. For example, inconnection with roofing shingle reinforcement, sizing compositions canbe selected that are compatible with acid white water paper-makingsystems. As another example, sizing compositions can be designed forcompatibility with polypropylene reinforcement manufacturing.

Roving and Gun Roving Products

In some embodiments, glass fibers formed from glass compositions of thepresent invention can be provided as direct rovings or gun rovings.Direct rovings are understood to comprise a single bundle of continuousfibers combined into a discrete strand. Gun rovings can be formed from aplurality of direct wovings, for example, by assembling the directrovings into a roving package. Direct rovings and gun rovings comprisingsuch glass fibers, in some embodiments, may be used in applicationswhere corrosion resistance is desirable. Non-limiting examples of suchapplications can include grating, deck panels, truck door panels,dunnagebars, sewage treatment components, and other structural shapes.Direct rovings comprising glass fibers of the present invention can beused in a number of downstream processes including, without limitation,filament winding, multi-axial weaving, pultrusion, and other processesin which direct rovings are used. Non-limiting examples of variousdirect roving or gun roving fiber glass properties are provided in Table2 below:

TABLE 2 Product Tex Fiber Diameter No. (g/km) (nominal) (μm) (nominal) 91100 17 10 600 17 11 2400 17 12 2400 17 13 1200 17 14 1200 17 15 4400 2416 1984 17 17 240 12 18 240 12

In general, such products can have broad application as reinforcements.Product Nos. 9-11, 13, and 15-16 can be continuous fiber, single strandrovings that can be used in pultrusion applications. Such Products canbe used to reinforce, for example, polyester, vinylester, and epoxyresins. Thus, in some such embodiments, these Products can be coatedwith a sizing composition that is compatible with a variety of resinsystems including, without limitation, polyester, vinylester, and epoxyresins. Examples of end products resulting from pultrusion processesinclude, without limitation, grating, deck panels, truck door panels,dunnagebars, sewage treatment components, and other standard structuralshapes.

Product Nos. 12 and 14 can be continuous fiber, single strand rovingsthat can be used in filament winding, pultrusion, weaving, and non-wovenfabric applications. Such Products can be used to reinforce, forexample, polyester, vinylester, and epoxy resins. Thus, in some suchembodiments, these Products can be coated with a sizing composition thatis compatible with a variety of resin systems including, withoutlimitation, polyester, vinylester, and epoxy resins.

Product 17 is an example of a product that can be used as a gun rovingin contact molding applications. In some embodiments, the Product can beformulated for use with unsaturated polyester resin systems and can besuitable for use with a wide variety of spraying equipment. Thus, insome such embodiments, the Product can be coated with a sizingcomposition that is compatible with an unsaturated polyester resin whileproviding rapid wet through and complete wet out.

Product 18 is a fiber glass strand that can be combined with otherstrands to provide a high end count roving for use in long blade cuttersystems to produce, for example and without limitation, fine, evenlydistributed chopped fiber layers on multi-axial, unidirectional, and/orrandomly-oriented reinforcing mats. In some embodiments, the Productscan be coated with a sizing composition that is compatible withpolyester and epoxy resin systems.

As indicated above, various sizing compositions known to those of skillin the art can be used on such fiber glass products depending on thetype of product, compatibility with the resin system to be reinforced,the ultimate end product, downstream processing steps, and otherfactors.

Chopped Strand Products

In some embodiments, glass fibers formed from glass compositions of thepresent invention can be provided as chopped strands for use in a widevariety of resin systems and fabrication processes. In some embodiments,the chopped strands can be used to form composites where hydrolysisresistance is desired. Non-limiting examples of various chopped fiberglass properties are provided in Table 3 below:

TABLE 3 Product Tex Fiber Diameter Chop Length No. (g/km) (nominal) (μm)(nominal) (inch) (nominal) 19 889 10 0.125 20 1747 13 0.125 21 1747 130.125

In general, such products can have broad application as reinforcements.Product No. 19 is a chopped strand that can be used to reinforce, forexample, a wide range of polyamide resins. Thus, in some suchembodiments, the Product can be coated with a sizing composition that iscompatible with various polyamide resins. In some embodiments, theProduct can combine excellent feeding characteristics, high gloss,and/or desirable dry-as-molded mechanical properties. The Product, insome embodiments, can provide desirable hydrolysis resistance inethylene glycol-based cooling systems and/or desirable performance inimpact-modified resins. Examples of potential end-use productsincorporating the Product can include, without limitation,transportation components, electrical and electronic appliancecomponents, and computer housings and components.

Product No. 20 is a chopped strand that can be used to reinforce, forexample, a variety of thermoplastic polyester resins. The Product canalso provide desirable reinforcement properties when reinforcing otherthermoplastics including, without limitation, sytrenic copolymer resins,polycarbonate resins, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) resins,polyethylene terpephthalate (PET) resins, polyoxymethylene (POM) resins,and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) resins. Thus, in some such embodiments,the Product can be coated with a sizing composition that is compatiblewith such resins. Examples of potential end-use products incorporatingthe Product can include, without limitation, transportation components,electrical and electronic appliance components, and computer housingsand components.

Product No. 21 is a chopped strand that can be used to reinforce, forexample, a variety of thermoplastic polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)resins. Thus, in some such embodiments, the Product can be coated with asizing composition that is compatible with such resins. The Product canbe used, for example and without limitation, in high end applicationswhere mechanical properties are important. In some embodiments, theProduct can combine desirable feeding characteristics, desirablehydrolysis resistance, and/or desirable dry-as-molded mechanicalproperties. Examples of potential end-use products incorporating theProduct can include, without limitation, transportation components,electrical and electronic appliance components, and computer housingsand components.

As indicated above, various sizing compositions known to those of skillin the art can be used on such fiber glass products depending on thetype of product, compatibility with the resin system to be reinforced,the ultimate end product, downstream processing steps, and otherfactors.

Specialty Yarns

In some embodiments, glass fibers formed from glass compositions of thepresent invention can be provided as yarns for use in the weaving offabrics. Such fabrics can be used, for example, in filtrationapplications, high temperature applications, and other industrial uses.Non-limiting examples of various yarn properties are provided in Table 4below:

TABLE 4 Product Tex Fiber Diameter No. (g/km) (nominal) (μm) (nominal)Twist 22 66 6.5 1.0Z 23 136 10 0.7Z 24 66 6.5 1.0Z 25 34 10 1.0Z 26 30013 0.5Z

The yarns can be texturized yarns or bobbin/plied yarns depending on thedesired application. Texturized yarns are understood to those of skillin the art to be continuous, single end or multi-end, product that havebeen volumized to provide higher bulk, thickness, and coverage perweight than standard fiber glass yarns. Such texturized yarns can beused, for example, in weaving high temperature and filtration fabrics,as well as other industrial uses.

Bobbin yarns typically comprise a single strand of continuous fibersthat have been twisted and wound on a bobbin. Such yarns can have highheat resistance, low moisture absorbency, and/or superior electricalproperties.

Various sizing compositions known to those of skill in the art can alsobe used on such fiber glass products depending on the type of product,compatibility with the resin system to be reinforced, the ultimate endproduct, downstream processing steps, and other factors.

Long Fiber Thermoplastic Reinforcements

In some embodiments, glass fibers formed from glass compositions of thepresent invention can be provided as long fiber reinforcements (e.g.,having a length of 3 mm or more in some embodiments, greater than 50 mmin some embodiments, or up to about 25 mm in some embodiments). Suchlong fiber reinforcements can be used, for example, in the reinforcementof thermoplastic polymers such as thermoplastic polyethylene andpolypropylene and thermoplastic polyesters such as polybutyleneterephthalate (PBT) or polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The long fiberreinforcements can be used, for example, in granular long-fibertechnology (G-LFT) processes, direct long-fiber technology processes,and/or continuous long-fiber technology (C-LFT) processes. Onenon-limiting example of fiber glass properties for such applications isprovided in Table 5 below:

TABLE 5 Product Tex Fiber Diameter No. (g/km) (nominal) (μm) (nominal)27 2400 17

The fiber glass product can be used in the various LFT processes toreinforce thermoplastic polymers and can, in some embodiments, permitmolders to produce structural or semi-structural parts. Examples of suchparts can include, for example, car instrument panels, inside panels ofdoors, and floor covers.

Various sizing compositions known to those of skill in the art can alsobe used on such fiber glass products depending on the type of product,compatibility with the resin system to be reinforced, the ultimate endproduct, downstream processing steps, and other factors.

Various non-limiting embodiments of the present invention will now beillustrated in the following, non-limiting examples.

Examples

Examples 1 through 6 of glass compositions of the present inventionprovided in Table I were prepared by providing mixtures of ingredientscovering 65-72 weight percent perlite, 0-22 weight percent dolomite,6-35 weight percent limestone and 0-8 weight percent soda. The specificamounts of perlite, dolomite, limestone and/or soda used to produceExamples 1 through 6 were determined by reference to the compositionalparameters of each mineral in relation to the desired compositionalparameters of each glass composition. Mixtures of the minerals weresubsequently heated to a temperature of about 1400° C. to obtain moltenglass compositions. The molten glass compositions were cooled to provideglass compositions of Examples 1 through 6.

TABLE I Glass Compositions Ex. SiO₂ Al₂O₃ CaO MgO Na₂O K₂O R₂O Fe₂O₃TiO₂ SO₃ F M_(x)O_(y) 1 59.29 10.84 20.37 3.00 2.82 3.06 5.88 0.48 0.140.00 0.00 0.00 2 59.29 10.84 19.37 4.00 2.82 3.06 5.88 0.48 0.14 0.000.00 0.00 3 59.29 10.84 18.87 4.50 2.82 3.06 5.88 0.48 0.14 0.00 0.000.00 4 59.29 10.84 18.37 5.00 2.82 3.06 5.88 0.48 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 554.41 9.95 25.68 4.00 2.76 2.59 5.38 0.47 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 6 59.2910.84 23.37 0.00 2.82 3.06 5.88 0.48 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00

Examples 7 through 13 of glass compositions of the present inventionprovided in Table II were prepared by providing mixtures of ingredientscovering 69-71 weight percent perlite, 6-20 weight percent limestone and7-10 weight percent soda. The specific amounts of perlite, limestone andsoda used to produce Examples 7 through 13 were determined by referenceto the compositional parameters of each mineral in relation to thedesired compositional parameters of each glass composition. Mixtures ofthe minerals were subsequently heated to a temperature of about 1400° C.to obtain molten glass compositions. The molten glass compositions werecooled to provide glass compositions of Examples 7 through 13.

TABLE II Glass Compositions Ex. SiO₂ Al₂O₃ CaO MgO Na₂O K₂O R₂O Fe₂O₃TiO₂ SO₃ F M_(x)O_(y) 7 62.66 11.46 9.28 2.98 9.20 3.23 12.43 0.51 0.140.25 0.30 0.00 8 61.11 11.17 14.03 0.00 9.29 3.15 12.42 0.49 0.14 0.320.30 0.00 9 62.61 11.45 11.26 0.00 10.19 3.23 13.42 0.51 0.14 0.32 0.300.00 10 61.13 11.17 13.04 0.00 10.19 3.23 13.42 0.49 0.14 0.32 0.30 0.0011 58.93 10.76 12.57 0.00 10.34 2.60 13.22 0.47 3.00 0.09 0.28 0.95* 1258.93 10.76 12.57 0.00 10.34 2.60 13.22 0.47 1.08 0.09 0.28 2.87* 1357.47 10.78 9.12 0.00 10.44 3.05 13.49 0.62 0.15 0.09 0.28 8.00* *ZrO₂and TiO₂ were added to the batch composition used to produce the glasscomposition.

Examples 14 through 19 of glass compositions of the present inventionprovided in Table III were prepared by providing mixtures of ingredientscovering 69-72 weight percent perlite, 0-13 weight percent dolomite,3-17 weight percent limestone and 7-10 weight percent soda. The specificamounts of perlite, limestone, soda and/or dolomite used to produceExamples 14 through 19 were determined by reference to the compositionalparameters of each mineral in relation to the desired compositionalparameters of each glass composition. Mixtures of the minerals weresubsequently heated to a temperature of about 1400° C. to obtain moltenglass compositions. The molten glass compositions were cooled to provideglass compositions of Examples 14 through 19.

TABLE III Glass Compositions Ex. SiO₂ Al₂O₃ CaO MgO Na₂O K₂O R₂O Fe₂O₃TiO₂ SO₃ F M_(x)O_(y) 14 62.62 11.45 10.77 0.00 10.69 3.23 13.92 0.510.14 0.30 0.30 0.00 15 61.91 11.38 7.99 3.00 11.21 3.27 14.48^(#) 0.600.14 0.20 0.00 1.0^(#)/0.30* 16 63.65 11.93 4.39 2.56 13.04 3.37 16.410.70 0.17 0.20 0.00 0.00 17 61.14 11.17 12.05 0.00 11.26 3.15 14.41 0.490.14 0.30 0.30 0.00 18 61.65 11.29 10.94 0.00 11.73 3.18 14.92 0.52 0.140.25 0.30 0.00 19 61.65 11.29 7.96 2.98 11.73 3.18 14.92 0.52 0.14 0.300.25 0.00 ^(#)1 wt % Li₂O replaced 1 wt % Na₂O; Sb₂O₃ used in refiningremoved *Sb₂O₃ used for refining

Examples 20 through 37 of glass compositions of the present inventionprovided in Table IV were prepared by providing mixtures of ingredientscovering 68-73 weight percent perlite, 0-13 weight percent dolomite,4-16 weight percent limestone and 12-17 weight percent soda. Thespecific amounts of perlite, limestone, soda and/or dolomite used toproduce Examples 20 through 37 were determined by reference to thecompositional parameters of each mineral in relation to the desiredcompositional parameters of each glass composition. Mixtures of theminerals were subsequently heated to a temperature of about 1400° C. toobtain molten glass compositions. The molten glass compositions werecooled to provide glass compositions of Examples 20 through 37.

TABLE IV Glass Compositions Ex. SiO₂ Al₂O₃ CaO MgO Na₂O K₂O R₂O Fe₂O₃TiO₂ SO₃ F M_(x)O_(y) 20 61.14 11.17 11.05 0.00 12.26 3.15 15.41 0.490.14 0.30 0.30 0.00 21 60.78 11.10 11.65 0.00 12.31 3.13 15.44 0.50 0.140.20 0.20 0.00 22 60.74 11.09 8.65 2.99 12.31 3.13 15.44 0.50 0.14 0.200.25 0.00 23 61.01 10.77 8.25 2.97 12.30 3.91 16.20 0.58 0.07 0.02 0.120.00 24 60.64 10.71 8.80 2.96 12.22 3.88 16.10 0.58 0.07 0.02 0.12 0.0025 60.94 10.76 8.79 2.54 12.28 3.90 16.18 0.58 0.07 0.02 0.12 0.00 2660.22 10.63 9.15 2.52 10.54 3.86 14.40 2.88 0.07 0.02 0.11 0.00 27 60.9210.76 8.24 2.97 12.28 3.90 16.18 0.58 0.07 0.18 0.12 0.00 28 60.55 10.698.78 2.96 12.20 3.88 16.08 0.58 0.07 0.18 0.12 0.00 29 60.84 10.74 8.772.54 12.26 3.90 16.15 0.58 0.07 0.18 0.12 0.00 30 60.12 10.62 9.13 2.5110.53 3.85 14.38 2.88 0.07 0.17 0.11 0.00 31 55.33 9.77 12.86 5.38 4.593.54 8.13 0.54 0.06 0.07 0.11 7.75* 32 58.03 10.25 13.49 5.64 4.81 3.718.53 0.56 0.07 0.07 0.11 3.25* 33 55.59 9.82 6.17 3.06 10.03 3.56 13.590.53 0.06 0.07 0.11 11.01** 34 62.34 14.32 11.20 0.38 9.04 2.17 11.210.34 0.04 0.11 0.06 0.00 35 62.87 11.50 7.98 0.00 13.25 3.24 16.50 0.510.14 0.30 0.20 0.00 36 61.14 11.17 10.06 0.00 13.25 3.15 16.40 0.49 0.140.30 0.30 0.00 37 60.25 11.01 9.00 1.98 12.70 3.54 16.24 0.81 0.03 0.120.00 0.00 *B₂O₃ used as additives **ZnO used to replace 1 wt % Na₂O and1 wt % CaO plus Sb₂O₃ removal

The glass composition of Example 38 provided in Table V was prepared inaccordance with the glass composition of Example 12 above, except 1 wt %Li₂O was used to replace 1 wt % Na₂O and any Sb₂O₃ used during refiningwas removed. The glass composition of Example 39 in Table V was preparedin accordance with the glass composition of Example 12 above, except ZnOwas used to replace 1 wt % Na₂O and 1 wt % CaO and any Sb₂O₃ used duringrefining was removed.

TABLE V Glass Compositions Ex. SiO₂ Al₂O₃ CaO MgO Na₂O K₂O R₂O Fe₂O₃TiO₂ SO₃ F M_(x)O_(y) 38 61.93 11.34 7.99 3.00 10.29 3.20 13.49 0.520.14 0.30 0.30 1.00 39 61.93 11.34 6.99 3.00 10.29 3.20 13.49 0.52 0.140.30 0.30 2.00

Examples 40 through 71 of glass compositions of the present inventionprovided in Table VI were prepared in accordance with the glasscomposition of Example 12 above, except the glass compositions weredesigned to include various combinations of Li₂O, La₂O₃, MnO₂, TiO₂, ZnOand ZrO₂. Various amounts of Li₂CO₃, La₂O₃, MnO₂, TiO₂, ZnO and ZrO₂were incorporated into the batch composition of Example 12 to produceExamples 39-70. Moreover, each of the glass compositions of Examples39-70 also included 0.09 wt % SO₃, 0.27-0.28 wt % F and 0.53-0.55 wt %Fe₂O₃.

TABLE VI Glass Compositions Ex. SiO₂ Al₂O₃ CaO MgO Na₂O K₂O R₂O Li₂O ZnOZrO₂ TiO₂ La₂O₃ MnO₂ 40 56.70 10.43 7.32 2.74 10.23 2.98 13.21 0.46 0.910.91 2.74 0.91 2.74 41 56.70 10.43 7.32 2.74 10.23 2.98 13.21 0.46 2.740.91 2.74 0.91 0.91 42 57.22 10.52 7.38 2.77 10.33 3.01 13.34 1.38 0.922.77 0.92 0.92 0.92 43 54.70 10.06 7.06 2.65 9.87 2.87 12.75 0.44 2.650.88 2.65 2.65 2.65 44 55.18 10.15 7.12 2.67 9.96 2.90 12.86 1.34 2.670.89 0.89 2.67 2.67 45 53.29 9.80 6.88 2.58 9.62 2.80 12.42 1.29 2.582.58 2.58 2.58 2.58 46 54.70 10.06 7.06 2.65 9.87 2.87 12.75 0.44 2.652.65 2.65 0.88 2.65 47 55.18 10.15 7.12 2.67 9.96 2.90 12.86 1.34 0.892.67 2.67 0.89 2.67 48 58.85 10.82 7.59 2.85 10.62 3.09 13.72 0.47 0.950.95 0.95 0.95 0.95 49 56.70 10.43 7.32 2.74 10.23 2.98 13.21 0.46 0.912.74 0.91 2.74 0.91 50 56.70 10.43 7.32 2.74 10.23 2.98 13.21 0.46 2.740.91 0.91 2.74 0.91 51 55.18 10.15 7.12 2.67 9.96 2.90 12.86 1.34 2.670.89 2.67 2.67 0.89 52 55.18 10.15 7.12 2.67 9.96 2.90 12.86 1.34 2.672.67 0.89 2.67 0.89 53 54.70 10.06 7.06 2.65 9.87 2.87 12.75 0.44 2.652.65 0.88 2.65 2.65 54 56.70 10.43 7.32 2.74 10.23 2.98 13.21 0.46 0.910.91 2.74 2.74 0.91 55 55.18 10.15 7.12 2.67 9.96 2.90 12.86 1.34 0.890.89 2.67 2.67 2.67 56 55.18 10.15 7.12 2.67 9.96 2.90 12.86 1.34 0.892.67 2.67 2.67 0.89 57 56.70 10.43 7.32 2.74 10.23 2.98 13.21 0.46 0.912.74 0.91 0.91 2.74 58 57.22 10.52 7.38 2.77 10.33 3.01 13.34 1.38 2.770.92 0.92 0.92 0.92 59 55.18 10.15 7.12 2.67 9.96 2.90 12.86 1.34 2.670.89 2.67 0.89 2.67 60 56.70 10.43 7.32 2.74 10.23 2.98 13.21 0.46 0.910.91 0.91 2.74 2.74 61 57.22 10.52 7.38 2.77 10.33 3.01 13.34 1.38 0.920.92 2.77 0.92 0.92 62 55.18 10.15 7.12 2.67 9.96 2.90 12.86 1.34 2.672.67 2.67 0.89 0.89 63 56.70 10.43 7.32 2.74 10.23 2.98 13.21 0.46 2.742.74 0.91 0.91 0.91 64 54.70 10.06 7.06 2.65 9.87 2.87 12.75 0.44 0.882.65 2.65 2.65 2.65 65 57.22 10.52 7.38 2.77 10.33 3.01 13.34 1.38 0.920.92 0.92 0.92 2.77 66 55.18 10.15 7.12 2.67 9.96 2.90 12.86 1.34 0.892.67 0.89 2.67 2.67 67 54.70 10.06 7.06 2.65 9.87 2.87 12.75 0.44 2.652.65 2.65 2.65 0.88 68 56.70 10.43 7.32 2.74 10.23 2.98 13.21 0.46 2.740.91 0.91 0.91 2.74 69 55.18 10.15 7.12 2.67 9.96 2.90 12.86 1.34 2.672.67 0.89 0.89 2.67 70 57.22 10.52 7.38 2.77 10.33 3.01 13.34 1.38 0.920.92 0.92 2.77 0.92 71 56.70 10.43 7.32 2.74 10.23 2.98 13.21 0.46 0.912.74 2.74 0.91 0.91

Examples 72 through 74 of glass compositions of the present inventionprovided in Table VII may be prepared by providing mixtures ofingredients covering 11-41 weight percent perlite, 0-55 weight percentdolomite, 12-17 weight percent limestone, 0-30 weight percent alkalialuminosilicate mineral, 34-56 weight percent silica, 0-19 weightpercent clay (kaolinite), and 1-3 weight percent rouge. The specificamounts of perlite, dolomite, alkali aluminosilicate mineral, silica,clay and/or rouge used to produce Examples 72 through 74 were determinedby reference to the compositional parameters of each mineral in relationto the desired compositional parameters of each glass composition.Mixtures of the minerals are heated to a temperature of about 1400° C.to obtain molten glass compositions. The molten glass compositions arecooled to provide glass compositions of Examples 72 through 74.

TABLE VII Glass Compositions Ex. SiO₂ Al₂O₃ CaO MgO Na₂O K₂O TiO₂ Fe₂O₃72 61.60 10.64 11.27 0.56 13.10 2.38 0.01 0.44 73 61.56 10.68 11.08 0.5913.58 2.08 0.02 0.42 74 62.44 10.70 10.51 1.76 12.91 0.70 0.37 0.61

Examples 75 and 76 of glass compositions of the present inventionprovided in Table VIII may be prepared by providing mixtures ofingredients covering 69.8-70.4 weight percent perlite, 13.3-14.3 weightpercent soda ash, 15.4-17.1 weight percent limestone. For Example 76,0.3 weight percent manganese dioxide was added. The specific amounts ofperlite, soda ash, limestone, and manganese dioxide to produce Examples75-76 were determined by reference to the compositional parameters ofeach mineral in relation to the desired compositional parameters of theglass composition. Mixtures of the minerals are heated to a temperatureof about 1400° C. to obtain the molten glass composition. The moltenglass composition is cooled to provide the glass compositions ofExamples 75-76.

TABLE VIII Glass Compositions Ex. SiO₂ Al₂O₃ CaO MgO Na₂O K₂O TiO₂ Fe₂O₃MnO2 75 61.43 10.64 10.48 0.18 12.82 4.00 0.04 0.46 0.00 76 61.20 10.6010.40 0.20 12.81 3.99 0.04 0.47 0.32

I. Melt Properties

The melt properties of several glass compositions of Examples 1 through71 were investigated. Investigation of the melt properties of glasscompositions of the present invention assisted in the determination ofhow various compositional parameters affect processing considerationsincluding forming temperatures (T_(F)) and liquidus (T_(L)) temperaturesof the glass compositions.

The measurement of melt viscosity for determining forming temperaturesof various glass compositions of the present invention was done by thecounter-balance method over the viscosity range of 10²-10⁵ Poise. Theapparatus used to execute the method was calibrated using NIST standardglass. FIG. 2 shows schematics of the apparatus.

The apparatus (1) for measuring melt viscosity comprised a platinum ball(2) with a diameter of 16 mm. The platinum ball (2) was hung on a thinplatinum wire (6) with the help of a special bracket/holder (11)attached to the right scale of the analytical balance. Initially, thefirst the end of the platinum wire (6) was attached to thebracket/holder at point A. After warming the furnace (9), the platinumball was placed in the sample melt inside the crucible (3) and the firstend of the wire was attached to the bracket/holder at point B to locatethe platinum ball (2) in the center of the melt. The distance betweenthe platinum ball (2) and the walls of the crucible (3) was 13-15 mm. Ifthe distance were smaller, it would affect the precision of themeasurement.

The movement of the platinum ball (3) in the melt was performed bychanging the weight of the rider. The speed of the movement of the ballin the melt was defined in relative numbers of the balance indicatorshift that was observed on the balance scale. When the balance indicatormoved 100 points to both sides from zero position, the ball in the meltshifted 1.7 mm from the central position up and down. The sensitivity ofthe balance was 10 mg per 100 points. A Pt/PtRh thermocouple was placedin the furnace next to the crucible (3) and provided automatictemperature control of the furnace. The hot end of another thermocouple(5) was inside the crucible (10) filled with Al₂O₃ powder. Thisthermocouple was connected with the potentiometer to control the furnacetemperature at the set point. The temperature control had a precision±1.5° C.

During the testing, the platinum ball (2) moved from a marked upperposition in the melt to a lower marked position under its gravity, thetime of which was recorded using a stopwatch with the precision within0.1 second. The time of the balance scale shift to 20-60 scale divisionswas measured depending on the viscosity of the melt. The speed of theplatinum ball (2) movement (per scale division/seconds) was taken as anaverage value of six measurements.

Using the velocity (V)-weight (G) data, a plot of V-G was constructedfor each glass composition under investigation, all of which showedstraight lines passing through the point of origin of the V-Gcoordinates. The slope k of each line was correlated with melt viscosityin a form of:

log η=a*log(tgk)+b

where a (1.09) and b (0.87) were constants determined from cellcalibration using a NIST standard glass (710A). The relative error indefining viscosity was within 3% over the viscosity range, 2.5<logη<3.5, and within 4-6% over the range, log η<2.5 and log η>3.5.

The measurement of glass composition liquidus temperature (T_(L)) wasconducted in a tube type gradient furnace with maximum temperature 1250°C. The furnace chamber had a dimension of 480 mm in length and 50 mm indiameter. The geometry and dimension of the furnace were close to thoserecommended by the ASTM C829-81. FIG. 3 illustrates the position of thethermocouple and the number of turns of the heating coil. The coil wasmade of NiCr resistance alloy wires with diameter of 2 mm.

Table IX summarizes measured liquidus temperature (T_(L)) and referencetemperature of forming (T_(F)) defined by melt viscosity of 1000 Poisefor glass compositions of Examples 1-22. Glass compositions of Examples1-6 demonstrated liquidus temperatures greater than 1240° C., the upperlimit of the gradient temperature furnace setting. As a result, noviscosity measurements were made for these compositions for adetermination of forming temperature. Moreover, several glasscompositions displayed desirable melt properties by having lowerliquidus and forming temperatures while maintaining a difference inliquidus temperature and forming temperature of at least 65° C. Examples18, 20 and 21 each provided a forming temperature under 1222° C. whilemaintaining a difference in liquidus and forming temperature of at least75° C.

TABLE IX Melt Properties of Glass Compositions T_(L) T_(F) Delta T(T_(F) − T_(L)) Example (° C.) (° C.) (° C.) 1 1235 1226 −9 2 >12403 >1240 4 >1240 5 >1240 6 >1240 7 1296 8 1190 1265 75 9 1290 10 11851246 61 11 1190 1236 46 12 1130 1265 135 13 1185 1224 39 14 1155 1248 9315 1085 1250 165 16 1170 1225 55 17 1180 1204 24 18 1135 1222 87 19 10901252 162 20 1140 1220 80 21 1130 1205 75 22 1120 1262 142

Table X summarizes measured liquidus temperature (T_(L)) and the forming(T_(F)) temperature for glass compositions of Examples 40 through 71 asa function of weight percent of Li₂O in the glass compositions. Asprovided in Table X, Li₂O plays a significant role in lowering theliquidus and forming temperatures of glass compositions of the presentinvention with minimum reductions in forming and liquidus temperaturesbeing 30° C. and 43° C. respectively.

TABLE X Melt Properties of Glass Compositions High Li₂O (1.5 wt %) LowLi₂O (0.5 wt %) Delta Delta EX. T_(F) ° C. T_(L) ° C. T ° C. EX. T_(F) °C. T_(L) ° C. T ° C. 42 1148 1060 88 40 1187 1100 87 44 1156 1054 102 411176 1073 103 45 1157 1065 92 43 1165 1083 82 47 1145 1058 87 46 11791081 98 51 1142 1067 82 48 1210 1096 114 52 1158 1054 104 49 1210 1098112 55 1154 1031 123 50 1206 1086 120 56 1160 1024 136 53 1193 1084 10958 1164 1062 102 54 1205 1090 115 59 1124 1054 70 57 1222 1074 148 611160 1054 106 60 1204 1087 117 62 1148 1043 105 63 1215 1068 147 65 11631065 98 64 1192 1073 119 66 1162 1057 105 67 1190 1073 117 69 1154 106094 68 1190 1087 103 70 1158 1060 98 71 1208 1073 135

Table XI summarizes the measured liquidus temperature (T_(L)) andreference temperature of forming (T_(F)) defined by melt viscosity of1000 Poise for the glass composition of Examples 75-76.

TABLE XI Melt Properties of Glass Composition T_(L) T_(F) Delta T (T_(F)− T_(L)) Example (° C.) (° C.) (° C.) 75 1137 1225 88 76 1139 1228 89

FIG. 4 provides temperature-viscosity curves for the glass compositionof Example 18, two E-glass compositions and a C-glass composition. FromFIG. 4, it is noted that the temperature-viscosity characteristics ofthe glass composition of Example 18 are similar to those of the C-glasscomposition. Moreover, the viscosity change for the glass composition ofExample 18 is not as steep as that provided for the E-glasscompositions. As a result, the glass composition of claim 18 can becharacterized as a “long” glass whereas the E-glass compositions are“short” glasses. Longer glasses, such as Example 18, in principle, favorfine filament production forming due to less forming tension as a resultof slower reduction in melt viscosity over the forming temperature rangeright after fiber exit from the forming tip.

FIG. 5 further illustrates the reduction in forming tension by providingmolten glass surface tensions as a function of temperature for the glasscomposition of Example 22 in comparison two E-glass compositions. Asprovided in FIG. 5, the glass composition of Example 22 at the formingtemperature has 9% and 14% lower surface tension than the E-glasscompositions.

FIG. 6 is a plot of the melt or molten glass density as a function oftemperature for the glass composition of Example 22 in comparison withtwo E-glass compositions. As provided in FIG. 6, the glass compositionof Example 22 demonstrated a temperature dependency (slope) similar tothe E-glass compositions but had a molten density 5% and 7% lower thanthe E-glass compositions respectively. As a result, glass fibers formedfrom some glass compositions of the present invention are lighter perunit volume in comparison to some E-glass fibers. Lighter glass fiberscan be advantageous in many applications, particularly materialreinforcement application, such as polymeric reinforcement applications,where weight savings are highly desirable. Moreover, as a result oflower densities, glass fibers formed from some glass compositions of thepresent invention can have larger diameters in comparison to someE-glass fibers of the same weight, thereby providing enhanced mechanicalproperties.

FIG. 7 is a plot of electrical conductivity as a function of temperaturefor the glass composition of Example 25 in comparison with E-glass andC-glass compositions. As provided in FIG. 7, the glass composition ofExample 25 and the C-glass composition display much higher electricalconductivities than the E-glass due to their significantly higher alkalimetal content. The melt conductivity of an inorganic glass compositionis generally dominated by the mobile ions of sodium and potassium. As aresult of low sodium and potassium ion content in E-glass compositions,electrical melting technology is only used as a secondary boost systemfor E-glass processing. However, electrical melting technology has beenused as a primary energy for the processing of C-glass compositions.Given that glass compositions of the present invention, in someembodiments, demonstrate higher melt conductivities than some C-glasscompositions, electrical melting technology may find application toprocessing glass compositions of the present invention.

Additionally, glass compositions of the present invention formed frombatch compositions comprising perlite and/or pumice, in someembodiments, require less energy for converting the batch composition toa glass melt composition. FIG. 8 provides the energy required to convertthe batch composition comprising perlite to the glass melt compositionof Example 12. FIG. 8 also provides the energy required to convert anE-glass batch composition to the associated glass melt. As shown in FIG.8, the energy required to convert the batch composition of Example 12into a glass melt composition was 20% less than the energy required toconvert the E-glass batch composition to glass melt composition. Theenergy required to convert a second E-glass batch composition to a glassmelt composition was also compared with the energy required to convertthe batch composition of Example 12 into a glass melt composition. Theenergy required to convert the batch composition of Example 12 was about33% percent lower than the energy to convert the second E-glass batchcomposition to a glass melt composition.

FIG. 9 is a plot of the absorption spectra for the glass composition ofExample 75 as well as for an E-glass composition and a C-glasscomposition. The absorption due to the presence of Fe²⁺ in thecompositions is visible as a large broad band located between 700 and1500 nm. Example 75 has a larger absorption due to Fe²⁺ than either ofthe other glasses, which indicates that heat will dissipate more quicklyfrom the molten glass which advantageously facilitates the formation ofglass fibers for high fiber production throughput needs, as comparedwith the C-glass sample as both have a similar relationship betweenviscosity and temperature as shown in the insert of FIG. 9. Asillustrated in the viscosity change for the E-glass sample is fasterthan both the Example 75 and the C-glass samples. Thus, the slightlylower concentration of Fe²⁺ (or the lower absorbance at 1000 nm or lowerglass cooling rate) of the E-glass is expected to have a similarthroughput as the glass composition according to Example 75, but higherthan that of C-glass.

II. Acid and Alkaline Corrosion Resistance

Fibers formed from glass compositions of the present invention were madein a laboratory using a single tip bushing set up. To compare withcommercial glass fiber corrosion resistance under the same testingconditions, AR-, C-, ECR- and E-glass fibers were also made using thesame method using cullet.

Glass fiber resistance to corrosion was evaluated in terms of therelative sample percent weight loss after leaching test. Testing wasadministered by boiling a fiber strand at 96° C. for one hour insulfuric acid or sodium hydroxide solutions under various pH conditions.All of the tests were performed by keeping the ratio of solution volumeto the sample mass or volume (5,000 m²) constant. 50 ml of the solutionand 1.375 grams of glass fibers (filament diameter—22 μm) were used foreach test. Triplicate samples were tested to determine average sampleweight losses. The results of the acid and alkaline corrosion resistancetesting are provided in Table XII.

TABLE XII Acid and Alkaline Corrosion Resistance Results (% Weight Loss)0 2 12 14 1N 0.1N 0.1N 1N pH H₂SO₄ H₂SO₄ NaOH NaOH Note E-glass (1) 1.020.19 0.29 1.24 0 B₂O₃ E-glass (2) 1.04 0.00 0.51 0.92 1.3 B₂O₃ E-glass(3) 17.79 0.87 1.62 6.0 B₂O₃ ECR 0.66 0.00 0.13 1.11 0 B₂O₃ + 4 ZnOC-Glass² 0.09 0.13 0.36 7.83 0 B₂O₃ AR-Glass I³ 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.10 17ZrO₂ Ex 10 1.12 0.21 0.84 6.42 Baseline Ex 11 3.58 0.15 0.38 5.601%ZrO₂ + 3% TiO₂ Ex 12 4.38 0.21 0.62 2.23 2.9 ZrO₂ + Ex 13 4.79 0.640.40 1.01 1.1% TiO₂ 8% ZrO₂ Ex 12 0.59 0.22 0.26 8.13 baseline Ex 381.50 0.09 0.68 11.02 Ex 18 3.10 Ex 19 0.69 0.66 0.31 8.47 Ex 57 2.202.29 Ex 58 2.75 3.81 Ex 59 5.35 5.54 Ex 63 1.64 2.89 Ex 67 1.35 3.57 Ex71 1.19 3.30 ¹The average determined from three individual tests andstandard deviation is not greater than 0.1%. ²C-glass (wt %): 66 SiO₂,5.5 Al₂O₃, 10.4 CaO, 3.6 MgO, 0.3 Fe₂O₃, 0.2 K₂O, 12.5 Na₂O, 0.5F and0.2 SO₃. ³AR-glass (wt %): 57 SiO₂, 3.2 Al₂O₃, 15 ZrO₂, 4.2 CaO, 0.1MgO, 0.1 Fe₂O₃, 0.1 K₂O, 12 Na₂O, 0.5 F and 0.23 SO₃.

The corrosion resistance of glass fibers made from a glass compositionaccording to the embodiment of the present invention in Example 75 wasalso evaluated in comparison with several E-glass compositions (E-glasscompositions with 0 weight % B₂O₃, 0.7 weight % B₂O₃, and 1.3 weight %B₂O₃). Fibers formed from the glass composition of Example 75 were madein a laboratory using a single tip bushing set up. The various E-glassfibers were commercially available glass fibers.

Glass fiber resistance to corrosion was evaluated in terms of therelative sample percent weight loss after leaching test. Testing wasadministered by placing a fiber sample in a 1 N H₂SO₄ solution at 96° C.for 2, 12, and 24 hour periods. All of the tests were performed bykeeping the ratio of solution volume to the sample mass or volume (5,000m²) constant. 50 ml of the solution and 1.375 grams of glass fibers(filament diameter—22 μm) were used for each test. Triplicate sampleswere tested to determine average sample weight losses. FIG. 10 is a plotillustrating the weight loss over time for the glass fiber made from thecomposition of Example 75 compared to the various E-glass compositions.As shown in FIG. 10, the acid resistance of the glass fiber made fromExample 75, according to one embodiment of the present invention, wassimilar to the boron-free E-glass fiber samples and significantlysuperior to the boron-containing E-glass fiber samples.

The corrosion resistance of glass fibers made from the glass compositionof Example 75 was also compared to the corrosion resistance of 0% B₂O₃E-glass fibers in citric acid as well as sulfuric acid. The glass fibersformed from the glass composition of Example 75 were prepared asdescribed above in connection with FIG. 10. The 0% B₂O₃ E-glass fiberswere collected from INNOFIBER® CR glass commercially available from PPGIndustries, Inc.

Glass fiber resistance to corrosion was evaluated in terms of therelative sample percent weight loss after leaching test. Testing wasadministered by placing a fiber sample in a 1 N H₂SO₄ solution at 96° C.for 2, 12, and 24 hour periods. In addition, corrosion resistance tocitric acid was evaluated in a separate test by placing a fiber samplein a 50% citric acid solution at 96° C. for 2, 12, and 24 hour periods.All of the tests were performed by keeping the ratio of solution volumeto the sample mass or volume (5,000 m²) constant. 50 ml of the solutionand 1.375 grams of glass fibers (filament diameter—22 μm) were used foreach test. Triplicate samples were tested to determine average sampleweight losses. FIG. 11 is a plot illustrating the weight loss over timefor the glass fibers made from the composition of Example 75 compared tothe boron-free E-glass fibers. As shown in FIG. 11, the glass fiber madefrom Example 75, according to one embodiment of the present invention,showed comparable resistance to sulfuric acid to boron-free E-glassfiber samples. The Example 75 glass fiber sample advantageouslyexhibited a weight loss of ˜3-3.5% after 24 hours in both acids.

III. Mechanical Testing

Tensile strengths of fibers formed from the glass composition of Example37 of the present invention were measured by drawing 10-um diameterfibers from a single tip bushing in laboratory. The fibers weresubsequently tested by applying tensile force to the fibers from bothends within the same day of fiber forming. FIG. 12 summarizes Weibullstatistical analysis of the fiber strength with an average of about 3050MPa and standard error of 22.4 MPa for sample size of 57. Except for thetail, the strength fit the single Weibull distribution well suggesting asingle failure mode dominates the fiber failure.

Fiber sonic tensile modulus was measured by drawing 30-um diameterfibers comprising the glass composition of Example 37 of the presentinvention from a single tip bushing in laboratory. Fiber density wasalso measured using a pycnometer. The elastic modulus (or Young'smodulus) was calculated using E=ρC² where E, ρ, and C are modulus,density, and sound velocity, respectively. Fibers of two sets wereformed at two different temperatures, the first set at 1000 Poise meltviscosity (Low T Forming) and the second set at 50° C. higher than thefirst set. (High T Forming) Table XIII summarizes the statisticalanalysis of the fiber modulus with an average of about 56.8 GPa and 61.5GPa for low and high forming temperature cases, respectively.

TABLE XIII Sonic Modulus Statistics Low T Forming High T Forming Mean(GPa) 56.79 61.47 Std Dev (GPa) 4.41 6.73 Std Err Mean (GPa) 0.99 1.37upper 95% Mean 58.86 64.31 lower 95% Mean 54.73 58.62 Sample Size N 2024 Fiber Diameter (μm) 29.96 ± 0.36  30.17 ± 0.42  Fiber Density (g/cm³)2.536 ± 0.006 2.521 ± 0.028Fibers formed the glass compositions of Examples 75 and 76 were alsomeasured for fiber density, strength, and modulus using the same methodsdescribed above. Table XIV provides the mean values for density, tensilestrength and modulus for these fibers.

TABLE XIV Example 75 76 Density (g/cm³) 2.54 2.53 Strength (MPa) 31502990 Modulus (GPa) 73.37 72.70Fibers formed from the glass compositions of Examples 37, 75 and 76exhibited good mechanical properties. Fibers formed from the glasscompositions of Example 75 and 76, for example, exhibited strength andmodulus values similar to E-glass fibers.

IV. Hydrolytic Resistance

The hydrolytic resistance of glass fibers according to the embodiment ofthe present invention of Example 75 was evaluated in relation to E-glassfibers and C-glass fibers. The glass fibers were treated in 80% relativehumidity at 50° C. for an extended period of time in a humidity andtemperature controlled oven. At various times, the fiber failure strainof the fibers at a time of fiber breakage was measured using a two-pointbending procedure similar to the procedure described in S. T. Gulati,“Strength Measurement of Optical Fibers by Bending,” J. Am. Ceram. Soc.,69[11] 815-21 (1986). From the failure strain, fiber strength (or stressat failure) was calculated using Hooke's Law (using a fiber modulusvalues from the separate measurement by the sonic method describedabove). For each glass composition at a given treatment time, 20 sampleswere tested. During the test at room temperature, the chamber of thetwo-point bending apparatus was controlled at a humidity of 50%. FIG. 13is a plot illustrating the hydrolytic resistance of the fibers byshowing the fiber failure stress values over time for the Example 75glass fibers, the C-glass fibers, and the E-glass fibers. The slopes ofthe lines represent the resistances of the fibers to hydrolysis bymoisture (water). The C-glass fibers had a higher slope than both theExample 75 glass fibers and the E-glass fibers, which indicates that theC-glass fibers have a lower resistance to moisture (water) attack. Onthe other hand, similar slopes were found for both the E-glass fibersand the Example 75 glass fibers. The slopes of both the Example 75 glassfibers and the E-glass fibers were also less than that of the C-glassfibers. In short, the Example 75 glass fibers demonstrated a higherhydrolytic resistance to moisture (water) attack than the C-glassfibers, as well as a hydrolytic resistance to moister (water) comparableto that of the E-glass fibers.

V. Exemplary Chopped Strand Applications

One advantage of glass fibers according to some embodiments of thepresent invention is that the fibers can be formed using furnaces,forehearths, bushings, and/or other fiber-forming equipment used in theproduction of E-glass. Table XV illustrates various fiber glass strandsaccording to some embodiments of the present inventions that weremanufactured using E-glass fiber-forming equipment and potentialapplications in which the fibers could be used. The glass fibers wereformed from the glass composition of Example 75. The glass fibersaccording to Example 75 were formed using a 200-tip bushing as a pilottrial using convention commercial fiber glass manufacturing equipmentused in the production of E-glass fibers.

TABLE XV Glass Fiber Samples Fiber Sample Diameter LOI Moisture No.Yardage (microns) (%) (%) Application 1 7336 18.247 0.1 7.2 Wet Chop -Light Weight 2 7849 17.575 0.2 8.2 Wet Chop - Roofing 3 7591 17.758 0.46N/A Chop Strand - Thermoplastic Resin 1 4 7623 17.493 0.57 N/A ChopStrand - Thermoplastic Resin 2 5 4510 20.275 0.1 7.6 Wet Chop - LightWeight 6 4588 20.921 0.1 6.2 Wet Chop - Roofing

In connection with potential uses of glass fibers according to someembodiments of the present invention in wet chop applications, a varietyof wet chop handsheets were generated using varying amounts of E-glassfibers and glass fibers formed from the glass composition of Example 75(“Ex. 75 Glass”): 100% E-glass, 75% E-glass and 25% Ex. 75 glass, 50%E-glass and 50% Ex. 75 glass, 25% E-glass and 75% Ex. 75 glass, and 100%Ex. 75 glass. The glass fiber samples for the handsheet formation areshown in Table XVI below.

TABLE XVI Ex. 75 Fiber Properties Glass E-Glass Filament Diameter (Avgmicrons) 18.25 16.50 Sizing Chemistry Roofing Roofing Sizing LOI (Avg,%)  0.10  0.16 Chop Length (Avg, mm) 35.00 35.00The wet chop handsheets were formed using conventional techniques bydispersing the specified amount of glass fibers in a white water slurryto form a mat. The white water slurry included a thickening agent(water-soluble hydroxyethylcellulose (Natrasol 250HR), a pH modifier(ammonium hydroxide), a wetting agent (Katapol cationic emulsifier), anadhesive (lignin), and water. After the mat was formed, a conventionalurea-formaldehyde binder was applied. The mat was then dried. Thefinished mat comprised 80-85% fibers and 15-20% binder by weight.

Various properties of the finished mats were measured and are reflectedin Table XVII below.

TABLE XVII Handsheet Performance 75% E-glass 50% E-glass 25% E-glass100% 100% 25% Ex. 75 50% Ex. 75 75% Ex. 75 Ex. 75 Unit E-glass glassglass glass glass Fabric Basis oz/ft² 5.69 5.99 5.82 5.77 5.84 Weight(ASTM D3776) Fabric Thickness inch 0.022 0.023 0.023 0.024 0.023 (ASTMD1777) Mullen Burst PSI 74 70 52 56 55 (ASTM D3786) Air Permeabilityscfm/ft²@0.5 wg 290.44 308.72 318.54 332.28 344.28 (ASTM D737) TensileStrength - MPa 94.54 72.26 62.81 21.4 45.93 Machine Direction (ASTMD5035) Tensile Strength - MPa 186.26 69.92 49.78 67.68 77.78 CrossMachine Direction (ASTM D5035) Resin LOI, Loss % 16.79 16.37 17.63 16.4216.84 on Ignition (ASTM D4963) Color - Yellow Y.I. 11.63 11.27 11.0210.6 10.14 Index (ASTM D6290) Color - White W.I. 44.7 45.61 46.32 47.3348.24 Index (ASTM D6290)

Desirable characteristics, which can be exhibited by embodiments of thepresent invention, can include, but are not limited to, the provision ofnew glass compositions that utilize glassy minerals; the provision ofnew glass compositions that utilize perlite; the provision of batchcompositions requiring less energy to form melts of glass compositions;the provision of new glass compositions demonstrating significantdifferences in liquidus and forming temperatures; the provision of glassfibers having reduced weights without a concomitant reduction inmechanical properties; the provision of glass fibers demonstratingdesirable acid and alkaline corrosion resistance properties, theprovision of glass fibers that can be used in a variety of end-useapplications, and others.

It is to be understood that the present description illustrates aspectsof the invention relevant to a clear understanding of the invention.Certain aspects of the invention that would be apparent to those ofordinary skill in the art and that, therefore, would not facilitate abetter understanding of the invention have not been presented in orderto simplify the present description. Although the present invention hasbeen described in connection with certain embodiments, the presentinvention is not limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but isintended to cover modifications that are within the spirit and scope ofthe invention, as defined by the appended claims.

That which is claimed:
 1. A polymeric composite comprising: a polymericmaterial; and at least one glass fiber in the polymeric material, the atleast one glass fiber comprising a glass composition formed from a batchcomposition, wherein the glass fiber comprises: 53 to less than 62weight percent SiO₂; 8-12 weight percent Al₂O₃; 0-3 weight percent ZnO;greater than 0 to 3 weight percent TiO₂; 8.5-18 weight percent alkalimetal oxide (R₂O) component; a metal oxide (RO) component selected fromthe group consisting of MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO, and ZnO, wherein the metaloxide component is present in an amount to provide a mass ratio ofR₂O/RO ranging from about 0.28 to about 1.7; and less than 1 weightpercent of Fe₂O₃.
 2. The polymeric composite of claim 1, wherein thebatch composition comprises at least 10 weight percent of a glassymineral and at least 5 weight percent of a sodium source, wherein theglassy mineral comprises a combination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in an amount ofat least 80 weight percent.
 3. The polymeric composite of claim 1,wherein the at least one glass fiber has a length of less than about 105millimeters.
 4. The polymeric composite of claim 1, wherein the at leastone glass fiber has a length of less than about 13 millimeters.
 5. Thepolymeric composite of claim 1, wherein the at least one glass fiber hasa length of greater than about fifty microns.
 6. The polymeric compositeof claim 1, wherein the at least one glass fiber has a length of greaterthan about fifty millimeters.
 7. The polymeric composite of claim 1,wherein the at least one glass fiber is in the form of a non-wovenfabric.
 8. The polymeric composite of claim 1, wherein the at least oneglass fiber is in the form of a woven fabric.
 9. The polymeric compositeof claim 1, wherein the polymeric material comprises a thermoplasticpolymer or thermosetting polymer.
 10. The polymeric composite of claim1, wherein the at least one glass fiber comprises 0-3 weight percentMnO₂.
 11. A polymeric composite comprising: a polymeric material; and atleast one glass fiber in the polymeric material, the at least one glassfiber comprising a glass composition formed from a batch composition,wherein the glass fiber comprises: 53-64 weight percent SiO₂; greaterthan 10 to 14 weight percent Al₂O₃; 0-3 weight percent ZnO; greater than0 to 3 weight percent TiO₂; 10-18 weight percent alkali metal oxide(R₂O) component; a metal oxide (RO) component selected from the groupconsisting of MgO, CaO, SrO, BaO, and ZnO, wherein the metal oxidecomponent is present in an amount to provide a mass ratio of R₂O/ROranging from about 0.38 to about 1.7; and less than 1 weight percent ofFe₂O₃.
 12. The polymeric composite of claim 11, wherein the batchcomposition comprises at least 10 weight percent of a glassy mineral andat least 5 weight percent of a sodium source, wherein the glassy mineralcomprises a combination of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ in an amount of at least 80weight percent.
 13. The polymeric composite of claim 11, wherein the atleast one glass fiber has a length of less than about 105 millimeters.14. The polymeric composite of claim 11, wherein the at least one glassfiber has a length of less than about 13 millimeters.
 15. The polymericcomposite of claim 11, wherein the at least one glass fiber has a lengthof greater than about fifty microns.
 16. The polymeric composite ofclaim 11, wherein the at least one glass fiber has a length of greaterthan about fifty millimeters.
 17. The polymeric composite of claim 11,wherein the at least one glass fiber is in the form of a non-wovenfabric.
 18. The polymeric composite of claim 11, wherein the at leastone glass fiber is in the form of a woven fabric.
 19. The polymericcomposite of claim 11, wherein the polymeric material comprises athermoplastic polymer or thermosetting polymer.
 20. The polymericcomposite of claim 11, wherein the at least one glass fiber comprises0-3 weight percent MnO₂.